本教程为学习笔记，github作为最受欢迎的资源库，不可不学！详细教程参见：廖雪峰的官方网站Git教程系列。准备花两篇幅搞定实战总结，闲言碎语少说，脚踏实地求真！
1，Git入门
Git是目前世界上最先进的分布式版本控制系统（没有之一）。
· 1）在Windows上安装Git，安装包详见：https://git-for-windows.github.io，安装成功后：
2）基本配置
配置邮箱和账户名：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)2 $ git config --global user.name "zhangbc"3 4 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master)5 $ git config --global user.email "zhangbochengcheng189@163.com"
创建版本库：版本库又名仓库，英文名repository，你可以简单理解成一个目录，这个目录里面的所有文件都可以被Git管理起来，每个文件的修改、删除，Git都能跟踪，以便任何时刻都可以追踪历史，或者在将来某个时刻可以“还原”。
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 ~(master) 2 $ cd F: 3 4 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f 5 $ mkdir learngit 6 7 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f 8 $ cd learngit/ 9 10 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit11 $ pwd12 /f/learngit
初始化：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit2 $ git init3 Initialized empty Git repository in F:/learngit/.git/4 5 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)6 $
把文件添加到版本库：
使用Windows要特别注意：千万不要使用Windows自带的记事本编辑任何文本文件。
原因是：Microsoft开发记事本的团队使用了一个非常弱智的行为来保存UTF-8编码的文件，他们自作聪明地在每个文件开头添加了0xefbbbf（十六进制）的字符，你会遇到很多不可思议的问题，比如，网页第一行可能会显示一个“?”，明明正确的程序一编译就报语法错误，等等，都是由记事本的弱智行为带来的。
建议：使用Notepad++代替记事本，记得把Notepad++的默认编码设置为UTF-8 without BOM即可。
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git add readme.md3 4 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)5 $ git commit -m "wrote a readme file."6 [master (root-commit) a25e8e4] wrote a readme file.7 1 file changed,42 insertions(+)8 create mode 100644 readme.md
修改文件后，查看状态：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git status3 On branch master4 Changes not staged for commit:5 (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)6 (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)7 modified: readme.md8 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
查看修改详情：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 2 $ git diff readme.md 3 diff --git a/readme.md b/readme.md 4 index 33a3876..46dd97d100644 5 --- a/readme.md 6 +++ b/readme.md 7 @@-40,3+40,6@@ 8 git提交到github： 9 ssh-keygen -C ‘zhangbocheng189@163.com’-t rsa10 回到GitHub个人首页，点击AccountSettings-> SSH PublicKeys->Add another public key。title 可以随便取名字，Key里面添加的内容为 id_rsa.pub 文件内所有的代码。然后点击Apply即可。11 +12 +Git is a distributed version control system.13 +Git is free software.14 \ No newline at end of file
查看日志：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 2 $ git log 3 commit 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e556 4 Author: zhangbc <zhangbochengcheng189@163.com> 5 Date: Sun Mar 5 23:21:18 2017 +0800 6 wrote a readme file. 7 commit a25e8e46a364a39e52a36cec1bb94bf58921fae4 8 Author: zhangbc <zhangbochengcheng189@163.com> 9 Date: Sun Mar 5 23:07:56 2017 +080010 wrote a readme file.
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git log --pretty=oneline3 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e556 wrote a readme file.4 a25e8e46a364a39e52a36cec1bb94bf58921fae4 wrote a readme file.
在Git中，用HEAD表示当前版本，也就是最新的提交3628164...882e1e0（注意我的提交ID和你的肯定不一样），上一个版本就是HEAD^，上上一个版本就是HEAD^^，当然往上100个版本写100个^比较容易数不过来，所以写成HEAD~100。
恢复版本：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git reset --hard HEAD^3 HEAD is now at a25e8e4 wrote a readme file.
还原恢复操作：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git reset --hard 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e5563 HEAD is now at 6fa7dc4 wrote a readme file.
查看历史版本：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git reflog3 6fa7dc4 HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 6fa7dc43a0aa553ae0a3cf9b9a6c9b2757a8e5564 a25e8e4 HEAD@{1}: reset: moving to HEAD^5 6fa7dc4 HEAD@{2}: commit: wrote a readme file.6 a25e8e4 HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): wrote a readme file.
2，Git进阶
1）工作区和暂存区
工作区：即在电脑中能看到的目录，如leangit文件夹就是一个工作区。
版本库：工作区有一个隐藏目录.git，这个不算工作区，而是Git的版本库。
Git的版本库里存了很多东西，其中最重要的就是称为stage（或者叫index）的暂存区，还有Git为我们自动创建的第一个分支master，以及指向master的一个指针叫HEAD。
2）管理修改
每次修改，如果不add到暂存区，那就不会加入到commit中。
撤销修改：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git checkout -- readme.md
命令git checkout -- readme.md意思就是，把readme.md文件在工作区的修改全部撤销，这里有两种情况：
1）是readme.md自修改后还没有被放到暂存区，现在，撤销修改就回到和版本库一模一样的状态；
2）是readme.md已经添加到暂存区后，又作了修改，现在，撤销修改就回到添加到暂存区后的状态。
删除修改：
（1）删错了，需要恢复：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 2 $ rm test.md 3 4 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 5 $ git status 6 On branch master 7 Changes not staged for commit: 8 (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed) 9 (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)10 11 deleted: test.md12 13 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")14 15 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)16 $ git checkout -- test.md17 18 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)19 $ git status20 On branch master21 nothing to commit, working tree clean
（2）彻底删除：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 2 $ rm test.md 3 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 4 $ git status 5 On branch master 6 Changes not staged for commit: 7 (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed) 8 (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) 9 10 deleted: test.md11 12 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")13 14 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)15 $ git rm test.md16 rm 'test.md'17 18 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)19 $ git commit -m "remove test.md"20 [master 1f8e8c7] remove test.md21 1 file changed,45 deletions(-)22 delete mode 100644 test.md23 24 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)25 $ git status26 On branch master27 nothing to commit, working tree clean
3，远程仓库
1）配置github
（1）创建SSH Key：
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 2 $ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "zhangbocheng189@163.com" 3 Generating public/private rsa key pair. 4 Enter file in which to save the key (/c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa): zhangbc 5 Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 6 Enter same passphrase again: 7 Your identification has been saved in zhangbc. 8 Your public key has been saved in zhangbc.pub. 9 The key fingerprint is:10 SHA256:ULusTjP9zWYbldd/snUjJIgG1Jwqqzu1QtT7m2I7zXQ zhangbocheng189@163.com11 The key's randomart image is:12 +---[RSA 2048]----+13 | .o o |14 | . = . |15 | . .o . |16 | . o ..o... ..|17 |. + oS. . .o o|18 | . + ..E o. ..|19 |. o * * . ....=|20 | + = *.o . oo..++|21 | .=.+oo .o+.. |22 +----[SHA256]-----+
（2）配置GitHub：
公钥地址：C:\Users\Administrator\.ssh\id_rsa.pub
2）添加远程库-->登陆Github，创建一个分库learngit
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git remote add origin git@github.com:zhangbc/learngit.git
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master)2 $ git push -u origin master3 Permission denied (publickey).4 fatal:Could not read from remote repository.5 6 Please make sure you have the correct access rights7 and the repository exists.
调试:
1 Administrator@WIN-9S4D59CISAA MINGW64 /f/learngit (master) 2 $ ssh -T -v git@github.com 3 OpenSSH_7.3p1,OpenSSL1.0.2k26Jan2017 4 debug1:Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config 5 debug1:Connecting to github.com [192.30.253.113] port 22. 6 debug1:Connection established. 7 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 8 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory 9 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -110 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory11 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_dsa type -112 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory13 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -114 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory15 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -116 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory17 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -118 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory19 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -120 debug1: key_load_public:No such file or directory21 debug1: identity file /c/Users/Administrator/.ssh/id_ed25519-cert type -122 debug1:Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.023 debug1:Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_7.324 debug1:Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version libssh-0.7.025 debug1: no match: libssh-0.7.026 debug1:Authenticating to github.com:22 as 'git'27 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent28 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received29 debug1: kex: algorithm: curve25519-sha256@libssh.org30 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ssh-rsa31 debug1: kex: server->client ciph
作者： zhangbc
出处： http://www.cnblogs.com/zhangbc/
格言： 我愿意做一只蜗牛，慢慢地向前爬，不退缩，不泄气，做好自己，立足当下，展望未来！
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http://www.cnblogs.com/zhangbc/p/6523090.html
